Old and New

Old and New

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


The pairing of today’s readings is fascinating.

In the first reading, St. Paul describes Mosaic Law, epitomized in the Ten Commandments, as the “ministry of death.”

Jesus in the gospel, on the other hand, is adamant that no letter or part of a letter of the Law will not disappear, and the Law must be followed. He came not to abolish the Law, but to fulfill it.

So which is it? Is Jesus the fulfillment of the ministry of death? Does the old Law pass away, or remain and come to fruition?

Startling as it may sound, Jesus is, in a way, the fulfillment of this “ministry of death.” The old Law was a ministry of death inasmuch as the command to avoid sin was in itself sterile and fruitless, because compliance with this command could not bring life. Humanity remained doomed to death.

But in introducing the new “ministry of the Spirit,” the ministry of life, as it were, Jesus replaces the mortal destiny of man with the destiny of eternal life. He allows mortality to take away His life, and in doing so, opens the path to life in Him.

It is not that the Commandments themselves are forever linked to death. Rather, in linking them now to life, Jesus ushers in the new Law of the Spirit, and fulfills the very destiny of the old Law and the Commandments, which was never meant to remain as futility and death.

The difference between the old Law and the new Law is not the difference between following the Commandments and living in the Spirit. Rather, it is the difference between fulfilling the Commandments with no path to salvation, and fulfilling them in the fullness of the Spirit’s joy, with an eye to eternal life.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Ask Jesus for help in living as a New Testament Christian, not one of the faithful prior to His coming. Ask Him for the joy of confidence in the victory of the Spirit, that turns the fulfillment of God’s will in our lives into our focal passion and desire.

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Law and Order

Law and Order

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


Today’s readings fit beautifully into Lent. Lent is not just a time for sacrifice. It is a time for conversion: Conversion back to the path of the Lord. And we all need it, every year–each of us who has sins in his or her life, and also imbalances and poor habits that easily lead to sin. We all need a moment to get back on track.

Today’s readings underscore heavily how this “getting back on track” involves a return to God’s Commandments. Too often, like the Pharisees, our mind gets over-complicated with all sorts of minor goals and worries, rather than simple focus on what is pleasing to God: The Ten Commandments, and their Christian summary of loving God above all things and loving our neighbor as ourselves.

Jesus tells us in today’s gospel that He did not come to abolish these precepts, but rather to fulfill them. The need for focus on the straightforward commands of God is more pressing than ever.

But what about St. Paul’s assertions that it is not the Law that saves, but rather the Spirit? And that we are no longer under the Law (cf. Gal. 5)? Does Paul contradict today’s readings?

Paul correctly emphasizes that the Law does not save. No matter how perfectly we followed God’s commands, without the grace that comes from Jesus’ Passion, death, and Resurrection, we could not attain to salvation, because we were born into sin.

Paul also tells us that we are not under the burden of the Law. This too is important. With the coming of Christ, the Law is no longer a burden. Compliance with God’s will, which we cannot achieve on our own, becomes a joy with Christ, because the grace He won by the act of salvation provides us with more than enough resources to stay on the path of God.

Thus, the grace of Christ gives us salvation. It also gives us the strength in the Holy Spirit (through the gifts of fortitude and understanding) to shoulder what was once an onerous burden and reach what was once an unreachable ideal, that is, faithfulness to God’s Law, which outlines the path to the salvation He won for us.

It is in this very Pauline sense that Jesus is the fulfillment of the Law. Salvation in Christ, and the grace and strength to attain it through the gift of the Holy Spirit, is now within the reach of those who wish to align themselves with the path of God’s will and His commands.

So, let us shoulder the yoke of Lenten conversion joyfully. For Jesus’ yoke is easy, and His burden light. (cf. Mt. 11:30).

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Contemplate joyfully how Jesus returned to us the ability to follow the path of God through the Holy Spirit’s gifts of fortitude and understanding, and how He made the ideal of that path, that is, eternal life, attainable. Tell Him how grateful you are, how much you love Him, and ask Him to help you succeed in converting more thoroughly to the path of God this Lent.

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Out with the Old, In with the New

Changing of the Guard

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


In today’s first reading, the author of the letter to the Hebrews makes a case to Israel for the New Covenant established in Jesus Christ, the one eternal High Priest. The author make an argument for the need of a New Covenant, indicating that the original covenant with Israel was temporary and imperfect.

This would have been a new message to many in Israel, who foresaw the coming of the Messiah as the crowning of the old covenant, rather than the establishment of a new one. But as we understand from the letter to the Hebrews, the old covenant, while foreshadowing the new, was itself ultimately inadequate and destined to be replaced. It was fundamentally different from the New Covenant, because the human side of the bargain was to live by the laws God gave to Moses. The basis for the New Covenant is fundamentally different: It is the merit of the human blood poured out as a sacrifice for the atonement of sins, effective in washing away those sins because the human making the sacrifice is also God.

So, where the fundamental basis for the old covenant is the faithful fulfillment of the Law, the fundamental basis for the New Covenant is mercy and grace brought by Christ. The part each of us plays in the New Covenant is therefore also fundamentally different. Our role is not a legalistic one–compliance with the Law–but rather the continual gift of ourselves to our Savior in loving acceptance of, and gratitude for, His unmerited grace and forgiveness.

Once again, we see in today’s gospel all these heady concepts made wonderful, concrete reality. Jesus is in the midst of laying the groundwork for the embodiment of the New Covenant, the Church, by calling his first apostles, who will be the foundations stones of that structure.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Ask Jesus to help you not to become confused, thinking that His Covenant is still one of servile compliance. Ask Him to help you make a sincere and total gift of yourself, in your prayer and in your action and life.

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Paul’s Copernican Revolution

Solar System

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


Starting a project over from from scratch is a pain.

Especially when you’ve invested significant time, even years, of your life into the project.

But sometimes, we start over because our investigations lead us to an epiphany that we can take the whole goal of the project to an incomparably higher level.

Lockheed Martin is actively working on a safe, compact Cold Fusion technology that will make nearly infinite clean energy portable. Imagine working your whole life on introducing a technology that makes fossil fuel emissions cleaner, and then you discover that this Cold Fusion technology is not only feasible but just three years from release (note: this technology is not this close in reality). Lockheed Martin recruits you, telling you that your engineering skills are just what they need as their project lead to finish the project. Do you refuse? On the contrary, as you accept the offer, are you excited? A little sad about wasted years of your life? Maybe some of both?

St. Paul went through something like this. He was immensely gratified by the heights of Jewish practice that he had reached. But then he was surprised by something a whole level better: The grace of the Messiah, of Jesus Christ. And he says, “But whatever gains I had, these I have come to consider a loss because of Christ. More than that, I even consider everything as a loss because of the supreme good of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord.”

The story is even more dramatic than this, because in discovering and accepting Christ, Paul has deep regrets: He has contributed to the persecution and death of Christians.

Rather than inclining him away from his newfound treasure due to shame, however, this circumstance attached Paul’s heart even more thoroughly to Jesus Christ. Today’s Gospel passage tells us why: At the conclusion of the parables of the lost sheep and the lost coin, Jesus says, “In just the same way, I tell you, there will be rejoicing among the angels of God over one sinner who repents.”

The unexpected new paradigm of Jesus turns Paul’s understanding of righteousness completely on its head. He learns that Jesus is most proud of him and excited about him because he is a sinner who has repented, not in spite of that fact.

The Jesus revolution is like the Copernican revolution in the Renaissance, when Europeans discovered that the earth revolved around the sun, not vice-versa–Paul discovered that true religion revolves around the action of God in Christ, not around the action of man to uphold the Law.

The Jesus revolution that Paul experienced never really ends. It is always new for us, because we never become fully accustomed to the fact that in our religion, it is He who does all the heavy lifting, and to enjoy his endless bounty, all we need to do is give our authentic and practical “yes” to Him every day.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Think of the burdens of responsibility, and the corresponding worries, that most weigh you down. Dialogue with Jesus about them, and introduce them in prayer into the Jesus revolution: The realization that He is the protagonist of these problems’ solution, not you.

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An Empty Glass Quenches No Thirst

Empty Glass

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


Today we get a window into St. Paul’s mindset as he so vehemently contrasts attachment to the Mosaic Law and faith in Christ.

Apparently, some gentile converts to Christianity are actually getting themselves circumcised according to Jewish custom. In doing so, they are converting to Judaism as well as Christianity. St. Paul clearly sees this as an unnecessary hindrance, because in doing so, they then need to learn all the ins and outs of the very detailed Jewish law, which Paul sees as a distraction from their focus on Christ.

But to him, it is something more than a distraction as well. It is a dangerous tendency to believe that salvation partially comes from compliance with the law, as if one saves oneself, at least in part.

When speaking of Mosaic Law, it is often helpful for us Christians to focus on the Ten Commandments. In this context, on the other hand, the problem lies largely with all the detailed prescriptions that extend beyond those Commandments. These details helped form the national identity of the people of God over centuries. But with the help of the Holy Spirit, Paul has come to the realization that they don’t need to play a role for those outside of Judaism who find God and their source of temporal and eternal fulfillment in Christ.

Paul certainly dispenses no one from following the Commandments. Over and over again in his letters, he repudiates various behaviors that run contrary to them. But with equal passion, he cautions against any tendency to equate happiness, fulfillment, salvation, and sanctification with focus on compliance with the Law.

This message remains intensely relevant today. As we strive to purify our actions from sin, we can come to equate this action with our quest for happiness and salvation. Then, there can come a point where we feel like we are just refining, just tweaking in this purification process, no longer gouging out big habits of sin. We may come to wonder why we still feel spiritually restless and very imperfect and unworthy of God. The effect can be something like dry heaves when we are sick–we are still ill, but our body’s effort to purge itself by vomiting proves fruitless.

In such a situation, we can make the same mistake as Paul’s audience in today’s first reading. We can exacerbate the situation by doubling down on our efforts for external perfection, instead of realizing that the problem no longer resides as much with our voluntary actions.

Due to original sin and our personal sin, we are broken deep, deep inside ourselves in a way that can profoundly trouble us in our spiritual life, but which we cannot resolve through our personal ascetic efforts. When we discover this to be the case, we must double down, rather, on our prayer life–not necessary adding hours and hours of time, but rather striving to be as consistent as we can in our time dedicated to prayer each day. Because Jesus is like the sun. When we spend time with Him, not only does He “warm” us spiritually, He can “burn away” slowly those deeper roots of sin and conform our hearts more and more to Himself.

If this is a little bit frustrating, since these aspects of our purification lie outside our control, it is nonetheless very exciting, because the end result is a heart deeply united to Christ, without impediment.

But let us not make the mistake of the Pharisee in today’s Gospel passage, whom Jesus upbraids for his excessive focus on perfection in external compliance. Our Christian happiness will never come from perfection in the habits that we ourselves will control. If we are wise, our efforts for such perfection will lead to humility, because we’ll realize that we can never quite get it exactly right. If we are fools, we will become prideful and smug in our supposed sense of our own perfection, like the Pharisee. But in the end, happiness does not lie in perfection, any more than we can quench our thirst from a perfectly cleansed but empty glass. Only Christ Himself, and our relationship with Him, brings the fulfillment and happiness that we seek.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Ask Jesus to send you the Holy Spirit to understand where He wants you to combat sin in your life, and where, on the other hand, He wants you to detach yourself from the effort for external perfection and attach yourself to Him, His mercy, and His saving power. Ask Him above all to infuse you with supernatural Charity, to conform your heart to His, until His obsession with the welfare of your neighbor will infect you and eclipse excessive self-concern.

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Signs of Freedom

Exit Sign

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


The first reading from St. Paul takes a moment’s reflection to unpack. What is this comparison he is making with the two mothers of Abraham’s sons, Sarah and Hagar? Sarah was Abraham’s legitimate wife, but she was barren until very late in life; Hagar was the slave woman, by whom Abraham bore a son who was ultimately exiled with his mother due to Hagar’s inferior position as a slave.

Hint: Paul speaks of Hagar and Sarah as images of other realities, one coming from Mount Sinai, the other, from the new Jerusalem. The first is a reality of slavery, and the second of freedom.

Paul is comparing Hagar to the Mosaic Law that came from Mt. Sinai, and Sarah, to the redemption that comes from Jesus Christ.

Just as Hagar produced a son for Abraham earlier, while Sarah was still barren, so the Law gave to God a people, when the redemption of Christ still was not fulfilled. But just as the son of Hagar was born into slavery, so children born into the Mosaic Law were born into slavery–not slavery to the Law itself, but slavery to sin, which the Law had no power to abolish.

But, just as Isaac was the legitimate and free child of God’s promise to Abraham of an heir who would bear him descendants as numerous as the stars, so those who enjoy Christ’s unmerited gift of grace are truly freed from the shackles of sin.

And, importantly, each of us living in that grace enjoys the power to become parents of numerous spiritual children, just as Abraham’s descendants were to number as the stars. For as we offer our little imperfect lives to the Father together with Christ’s sacrifice, we trigger the activation of showers of further grace from that infinite source. Grace of conversion for many, even many whom we will never know. Grace of sanctification.

We often think of Jesus as the power source of all this immense potential for freedom, and so He is. But He is also the living sign of this turning point in history between slavery and freedom. He is like a living signpost. Everything He did in His life points to the shift between the slavery to sin and the gift of freedom to which St. Paul alludes.

It would have been terrible to live in the time of Christ. Terrible, that is, if, like those described in today’s Gospel passage, we had somehow missed the reality of His Divinity and His role. Everything He did throughout His earthly life was like a finger pointing to the reality of coming redemption. He Himself is the new sign of Jonah; as Jonah emerged from the belly of the whale, so Christ rose from the dead on the third day (cf. Mt. 12:40). Today Jesus warns those of His generation that it will not go well for them on the last day for rejecting the signs He has given them.

As accessible as the signs were in Jesus’ day, even more accessible are the signs He has given to us: The Seven Sacraments. And just as Jesus in the flesh was both sign and source of the power of redemption, so the Sacraments for us are both the direct source of His redemptive grace, and the signpost pointing to that grace. They are the source and sign of the liberation from sin of which Paul speaks in the first reading.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Contemplate the memory of your last confession, and your last communion. Will the Ninevites rise to condemn you, because you treat Jesus in these mysteries like His contemporaries treated Him in the flesh: Casually, with little faith? Or are you taking full advantage of the liberation that St. Paul so deeply appreciated? Talk to Jesus, thank Him for the Sacraments, and ask Him to help you live them profoundly, so that their grace will not wash over you without penetrating your heart.

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Amusement Park Lines

Roller Coaster

This is a reflection on the Mass readings of the day.


St. Paul’s juxtaposition of the Old and new Testament periods, to which in a general way he refers as the Law and Faith, is fascinating and rich, and includes many deep layers.

Today, he tells us that the Law held God’s people under discipline as they awaited liberation by faith, that is, by the unmerited and free gift of redemption in Christ, which no amount of adherence to the Law could deserve. The image comes to mind of schoolchildren on a class trip to an amusement park waiting in an orderly line for the park to open. The discipline of the line is certainly not the liberating joy of the park–but it is a prerequisite for getting in.

One fascinating layer of this is that this dynamic applies not only to the Old and New Testaments, but also to the spiritual life of each of us. In so many words, St. Teresa of Jesus, from 16th-century Avila in Spain, teaches us that as we get underway in the spiritual life, much of our focus is on the effort of clearing our lives of voluntary sin, which she compares to the clearing of a garden for planting. At some point, we have a taste of God that really turns our head around. Then, we find that in order to live a life in God, we need to change our lives. Upon which follows the arduous work that St. Teresa describes of removing voluntary sin, both big and small, from our lives.

Needless to say, the effort to avoid sin continues throughout the whole trajectory of our spiritual growth. But it is particularly central earlier in that trajectory.

This effort to avoid sin, that is, essentially, to follow the Ten Commandments, closely resembles the Old Testament rule of Law that reigned before the coming of Christ, which Paul describes. Even though Christ has already come to save us, we go through a period when we need to really focus on following the basics of Divine Law, in order to align our lives with acceptance of His free gift of salvation.

But like the Old Testament period of Law-focused preparation, our focus on avoiding sin is less like the joy of the amusement park and more like the discipline of the line to get in. Perfection in this discipline, as much as it might be the ideal we strive for, is not our ultimate destination, any more than it is in the amusement park line. As we progress in our life in Christ, and in particular, our contemplative prayer life, the experience of Jesus Himself becomes deeper and richer and eventually supersedes the experience of our own sin and the need to rid ourselves of it. We begin to experience the joy of the park that we will only experience fully in Heaven, and our spiritual life begins to focus on it.

Interestingly, St. Teresa and St. John of the Cross also describe how deeper moments of purification can follow after great periods of the “joy of the park.”

Two things to note here: 1) We must not rush the process of purification or grow impatient with it. God is very wise about human nature embedded in time, and that our nature needs time for purification and growth. The humility to accept God’s will associated with every phase in our spiritual growth itself is a beautiful gift to God and sign of a certain spiritual maturity. 2) We will never fully escape here on earth the need for great vigilance against sin and the sometimes discouraging awareness of our spiritual weakness and fragility. But if we make the sacrifice associated with this very realization our daily gift to God, he uses that gift as a great lever that brings disproportionate blessings and an outpouring of the grace He merited on the cross into our lives and the lives of many souls in need.

“Rather, blessed are those who hear the word of God and observe it,” Jesus says in the Gospel. This means following God’s lead in our spiritual life–which may mean heavy emphasis on following the Commandments and avoiding sin at certain moments in our spiritual life, and focusing on simply enjoying God’s presence for a deepening of our union with Him at others.

Ideas for conversation with the Lord: Jesus indirectly references the Blessed Virgin Mary in today’s Gospel passage as her who “hears the word of God and observes it.” Meditate on her instruction at the wedding at Cana: “Do whatever He tells you.” (cf. Jn. 2:5) She modeled this instruction in her own life, following God’s lead without missing a beat, even when it jolted her in a moment out of one whole reality and into another at the Annunciation. Chat with her about her expertise in this area, and ask her to help you discern God’s promptings in your spiritual life.

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